Erva de São João: 10 benefícios potenciais para a saúde, dosagem e efeitos colaterais

A erva de São João é cientificamente conhecida como Hypericum perforatum. É uma planta com flor nativa da Europa. Ele tem sido usado na medicina popular por séculos para tratar muitas doenças. Os extratos de St. John's Wort contêm ingredientes ativos como hipericina e hiperforina. Diz-se que a planta possui propriedades antiinflamatórias, antimicrobianas, antioxidantes e anticâncer. Este medicamento à base de plantas pode ajudar a tratar a depressão, controlar os sintomas da menopausa, curar feridas, melhorar o transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) e tratar o transtorno de ansiedade.

Neste artigo, discutiremos os benefícios para a saúde, a dosagem e os efeitos colaterais potenciais da erva de São João. Continue lendo.

Quais são os benefícios da erva de São João?

1. Pode ajudar a tratar a depressão

A erva de São João pode ajudar a tratar a depressão. Geralmente, medicamentos como antidepressivos são usados ​​para tratar esse problema psicológico. Os antidepressivos geralmente vêm com outros efeitos colaterais. Diz-se que a erva de São João possui alguns ingredientes ativos como hiperforina, adhiperforina e hipericina, que podem aumentar os níveis de mensageiros químicos no cérebro (1).

Um estudo afirmou que os participantes que tomaram St. John's Wort eram muito menos propensos a experimentar eventos adversos do que aqueles que usavam antidepressivos (2). Além disso, o uso de St. John's Wort reduz os sintomas de depressão em uma extensão semelhante aos antidepressivos (3).

Outro estudo conduzido pela University of Queensland apoiou o uso de St. John's Wort no tratamento de depressão leve (4). Uma revisão de 29 estudos internacionais sugere que a erva de São João pode ser melhor do que um placebo e tão eficaz quanto os diferentes antidepressivos de prescrição padrão usados ​​para tratar a depressão (5).

2. Pode controlar os sintomas da menopausa

O extrato de erva de São João pode ser usado para aliviar os sintomas psicológicos e vegetativos da menopausa. Pode melhorar a qualidade de vida e as ondas de calor em mulheres na perimenopausa. Mais estudos clínicos maiores são necessários para entender melhor esse mecanismo (6).

Em outro estudo, 111 mulheres suplementadas com 900 mg de erva de São João por dia durante 12 semanas mostraram melhorias nos sintomas da menopausa (7). Outro estudo afirma que a planta pode ser utilizada como um tratamento eficaz para os sintomas vasomotores de mulheres na perimenopausa ou pós-menopausa (8).

Além disso, os extratos de erva de São João e sua combinação com ervas mostraram menos efeitos colaterais em mulheres na pós-menopausa (9). O tratamento diário com St. John's Wort foi mais eficaz no tratamento da síndrome pré-menstrual (TPM) (10).

3. Pode ajudar na cicatrização de feridas

A erva de São João é tradicionalmente usada para tratar feridas e queimaduras (11), (12). Os extratos dessa erva também têm sido usados ​​como remédio popular para promover a cicatrização de feridas na pele (13). A erva de São João também resultou em uma resposta inflamatória mais rápida e ajudou na cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas diabéticas (14).

Esse medicamento fitoterápico e seu metabólito (hiperforina) auxiliam no tratamento de doenças inflamatórias da pele (15). A erva de São João foi encontrada para tratar feridas como resultado da síntese de colágeno e migração de fibroblastos (16).

4. Pode tratar o transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH)

St. John's Wort pode ajudar a tratar o transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH). Estudo realizado pelo Hospital Regional Bozen, em Bolzano, constatou que a erva de São João apresentou leve melhora nos escores médios dos fatores de hiperatividade e imaturidade dos pacientes (17).

No entanto, um estudo que usou o extrato de St. John's Wort para tratar crianças e adolescentes com TDAH não melhorou seus sintomas (18). Portanto, mais pesquisas de longo prazo são necessárias para entender melhor esse benefício da erva de São João.

5. Pode tratar o transtorno de ansiedade

A erva de São João possui algumas propriedades terapêuticas benéficas que podem ajudar a tratar o transtorno de ansiedade. A planta possui propriedades antidepressivas que são utilizadas no tratamento do transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) com ansiedade comórbida (19). Um estudo conduzido pela Western Illinois University em ratos descobriu que St. John's Wort ajudou no tratamento de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (que inclui transtorno de ansiedade) (20).

No entanto, mais pesquisas são necessárias a esse respeito.

6. Pode tratar dermatite atópica

A hiperforina, um dos principais constituintes da erva de São João, tem efeito antiinflamatório. A aplicação tópica do creme de erva de São João pode ajudar no tratamento da dermatite atópica (21).

Os constituintes da planta, como a hiperforina e a hipericina, possuem propriedades antioxidantes, antiinflamatórias, anticâncer e antimicrobianas que podem ajudar no tratamento da dermatite atópica (22). Além disso, a hipericina é um fotossensibilizador que pode ser usado para o tratamento seletivo do câncer de pele não melanoma (22).

Mais pesquisas são necessárias a esse respeito.

7. Pode tratar distúrbios somatoformes

Os transtornos somatoformes são transtornos mentais que se manifestam como lesões físicas. Estudos iniciais demonstraram que a erva de São João pode ter alguma eficácia em pacientes com distúrbios somatoformes (23). Em outro estudo, a administração de 600 mg de extrato de erva de São João por dia foi eficaz no tratamento de distúrbios somatoformes (24).

8. Pode reduzir o risco de câncer

A hiperforina e seus derivados (como a aristoforina) são produtos naturais da erva de São João que possuem diversas propriedades farmacológicas. A hiperforina é considerada um potente agente anticâncer (25). Diz-se que a linha de germoplasma rico em melatonina do hipericão possui propriedades antioxidantes. Eles ajudam a inibir o crescimento das células cancerosas (26).

A hiperforina também promove a morte celular programada de várias células cancerosas e inibe sua capacidade de migrar (27), (28). A hiperforina e seus derivados ocupam posição de destaque como medicamentos anticâncer com sua baixa natureza tóxica e propriedades antitumorais (29). Um estudo afirmou que a hiperforina pode induzir a morte de células cancerosas no caso de leucemia (30), (31).

9. Pode tratar a congestão nasal

Some studies suggest that St. John’s Wort may work against sinusitis and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) (32). St. John’s Wort has antibiotic and antiviral properties that may help relieve phlegm congestion, sinus infection, flu, and bronchitis symptoms. However, further research is needed to understand this benefit of St. John’s Wort in humans.

10. May Lower Blood Pressure

St. John’s Wort has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may help lower blood pressure. Some anecdotal evidence suggests that this medicinal herb minimizes inflammation in the cardiovascular system and decreases stress on the heart. However, more research is warranted in this regard.

Insufficient evidence to rate effectiveness for

St. John’s Wort has a long history of use in folk medicine for treating a diverse range of disorders that include inflammation, wounds, bacterial and viral infections, peptic ulcers, and respiratory impairments (33). St. John’s Wort is said to possess analgesic and antinociceptive properties that help in the management of pain (34). Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disorder that is characterized by axonal injury and inflammation. St. John’s Wort is said to possess anti-inflammatory properties that help treat multiple sclerosis (MS) (35).

The strong anti-inflammatory properties of St. John’s Wort make it an ideal solution for severe joint pains, gout, and muscle spasms. The ethyl acetate extract of St. John’s Wort could show antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats (36). Animal studies state that St. John’s Wort has hepatoprotective effects that could help treat hepatic ischemia in rats (37). St. John’s Wort may help fight against diabetes. The administration of its extracts (125 and 250 mg/kg) induced a significant decrease in high blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (38).

Following are some of the purported benefits of St. John’s Wort that have insufficient evidence:

• Brain tumor (glioma)

  John’s Wort may help treat glioma through intravenous injection (39). However, insufficient data is available to prove this claim.

• Herpes

Recent studies have shown that St. John’s Wort contains certain antiviral properties. This herb is believed to be helpful in the treatment of herpes, AIDS, hepatitis B, and several other serious viral conditions (40), (41).

• Smoking cessation

St. John’s Wort could attenuate nicotine withdrawal signs in mice. The plant was also used as a natural antidepressant in mice. More studies in humans are needed (42). St. John’s Wort proves to be effective in larger controlled studies. It could represent a less expensive, more readily accessible, and well-tolerated agent to promote tobacco cessation (43). However, further studies are necessary to understand the possibility of St. John’s wort in the treatment of smoking cessation in humans.

• Helps create a hormonal balance

St. John’s Wort is a widely popular treatment for hormonal imbalances. Its chemical composition is especially shown to lower the hormonal imbalances in a menopausal woman. It may reduce mood swings, the severity of the cramps, irritation, depression, and anxiety levels (44). However, further evidence is needed to confirm its effectiveness.

Other potential benefits of St. John’s Wort that lack any research include the following:

• Migraine headache

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

• Skin redness and irritation (plaque psoriasis)

• Tooth pulling

• Nerve pain

• Burning mouth syndrome

• Post-operative pain

Though more research is warranted, the plant does have some benefits. In the following section, we will look at the ideal dosage of the plant.

Dosage*

For Children and young adults (>18 years)

• For ADHD – 300 mg St. John’s Wort, three times daily for eight weeks (18)
• For depression – 150-1800 mg St. John’s Wort, three times daily for eight weeks (41)

For Adults

• For anxiety – 900 mg St. John’s Wort, twice daily for twelve weeks (45)
• For cancer – 05-0.50 mg per kg of hypericin, for two months (46)
• For mild to moderate depression – 20-1800 mg St. John’s Wort, three times for 4 to 52 weeks
• For severe depression – 900-1800 mg, once daily for 8 to 12 weeks (47)
• For obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – 450-1800 mg, once daily for 12 weeks (48)
• For premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – 300-900 mg daily for two menstrual cycles (49)
• For smoking cessation – 300 mg, once or twice daily for three months (50)

* These values are taken only from randomized clinical trials. They are for reference only. None of them have been proven to treat any particular ailment. Consult your doctor for more information.

Though St. John’s Wort is generally safe for consumption, it also may have some side effects. We will explore them in the following section.

What Are The Potential Side Effects Of St. John’s Wort?

The uncontrolled and unprescribed dosage of St. John’s Wort may cause several side effects. These include allergic reactions, sedation, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, skin reactions, dry mouth, tiredness/restlessness, and dizziness. The majority of these reactions were generally considered to be mild, moderate, or transient (51), (52), (53).

Some research has indicated that taking certain herbal supplements, including St. John’s Wort, may increase your risk of complications if you are put under anesthesia. You should not take St. John’s Wort at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery (54).

Photosensitivity reactions affecting the skin are other serious adverse reactions associated with St. John’s Wort. Recent data suggest that photosensitivity reactions are dose-related, with increased sensitivity associated with higher doses. Extracts of St. John’s Wort are used in the treatment of depression. They contain various substances with naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin as characteristic ingredients. These compounds may lead to phototoxicity in animals and humans (55), (56).

Also, St. John’s Wort may cause liver injury, tingling, and erectile or sexual dysfunction. However, limited research is available in this regard.

Possible Drug Interactions

St. John’s Wort may react with certain drugs. Generally, most herbs interact with prescribed drugs and have the potential to influence metabolic reactions (56), (57).

In a study, drug interactions with St. John’s Wort had affected the organ systems and the central nervous system. St. John’s Wort and fluoxetine have a similar profile, and this demonstrates that herbal preparations can result in adverse drug reactions that are similar to those of prescription medications (58). In another study, St. John’s Wort interacted with cyclosporin A metabolism. The drug is involved in the careful monitoring of blood levels in a patient after liver transplantation (59).

St. John’s Wort may interact with medicines such as warfarin, phenprocoumon, cyclosporine, oral contraceptives, theophylline, digoxin, indinavir, and lamivudine (60).

Also, it may interact with other drugs. These include:

• Antibiotics, antidepressant SSRIs, and Triptans

St. John’s Wort may interact with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This interaction may lead to agitation, nausea, confusion, and diarrhea (56).

• Oral contraceptives

St. John’s Wort may interact with oral contraceptives. This results in breakthrough bleeding among women who are taking birth control pills along with St. John’s Wort (56).

• Immunosuppressants and blood thinners such as warfarin

Warfarin may interact with St. John’s Wort, which can lead to severe adverse reactions that are sometimes life-threatening (61).

• Sedatives and medications used to treat generalized anxiety disorder; drugs used to treat cancer, heart conditions, and HIV/AIDS

From one study, patients with HIV experienced an increase in HIV RNA viral load following the use of St. John’s Wort (56).

• Over-the-counter medications (for sleep, cough, and cold)

St. John’s Wort also interacts with anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, phenobarbitone and phenytoin, theophylline, cyclosporin, phenprocoumon, and digoxin. However, more long-term research is needed to further understand these drug interactions.

Conclusion

St. John’s Wort is an effective dietary supplement and medicinal herb for treating various nervous system related disorders. It is said to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties and helps to treat many ailments. It may help treat depression, control menopausal symptoms, help in wound healing, and treat anxiety disorders. However, excess and unprescribed usage of this herbal drug may lead to some adverse reactions. Hence, limit its usage and consult your health care provider in case of any medical emergencies.

Expert’s Answers for Readers Questions

How long does St. John’s Wort take to start working?

St. John’s Wort may take 3 to 6 weeks to show any effects. Do not stop taking it all at once, as you may otherwise experience side effects.

Should I take St. John’s Wort in the morning or night?

St. John’s Wort works best if taken twice a day. In the third and fourth weeks of your treatment, take 300 mg in the morning and 600 mg in the evening. In the fifth week, consider increasing the dose to 600 mg twice a day. Like all antidepressants, it can take four to six weeks before you feel any benefits. Consult your doctor for more information on the use and dosage.

Does St. John’s Wort make you gain weight?

No. St. John’s Wort has the potential to prevent obesity and abnormalities with lipid metabolism. It does not lead to weight gain.

Is St. John’s Wort bad for your heart?

St. John’s Wort is well known to help treat depression in heart patients, with less negative side effects on the heart than traditional antidepressants.

Can St. John’s Wort damage the liver?

A erva de São João não foi associada a lesões hepáticas. Por causa de suas muitas interações e efeitos erva-droga, a erva pode afetar a função hepática ou causar alguns danos ao fígado. Evite tomá-lo junto com medicamentos para o fígado. Consulte seu médico.

Você pode beber álcool com Wort de São João?

Você deve evitar ou limitar o uso de álcool durante o tratamento com Erva de São João. O álcool pode aumentar os efeitos colaterais da erva de São João associados ao sistema nervoso, incluindo tontura, sonolência e dificuldade de concentração.

61 fontes

A Stylecraze tem diretrizes rígidas de abastecimento e depende de estudos revisados ​​por pares, instituições de pesquisa acadêmica e associações médicas. Evitamos usar referências terciárias. Você pode aprender mais sobre como garantimos que nosso conteúdo seja preciso e atualizado lendo nossa política editorial.

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